Dopamine isn’t the brain’s pleasure chemical — it’s a prediction and learning signal. Here’s the rethink reshaping neuroscience.

How scientists are turning the brain’s chemical signals into mathematics, software, and machine learning — from dopamine and reinforcement learning to neuromorphic chips and brain-computer interfaces.

Ketamine works in hours, not weeks. How glutamate — not serotonin — is rewriting the science of fast-acting antidepressants.

The “chemical imbalance” theory of depression is fading. Here’s what the latest serotonin research actually shows.

The trillions of microbes in your gut may shape mood and stress. Inside the fast-growing science of the gut-brain axis.