Some fortresses are remembered for the battles they fought, but Fort Cornwallis is remembered for the city it created. Standing at the northeastern tip of Penang island in Malaysia, this

On the island of Mombasa, on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya, stands one of the most remarkable fortresses of the age of European expansion: Fort Jesus, a mighty Portuguese

Some forts are monuments to war, but Galle Fort is a monument to life. On a rocky peninsula at the southern tip of Sri Lanka stands a whole walled town,

On the banks of the Niger river in eastern Mali, where the great waterway bends closest to the Sahara, stands a strange and striking monument: a stepped pyramid of mud,

On a hilltop in southeastern Turkey stands a monument that has rewritten the story of human civilisation. Gobekli Tepe is the oldest known temple in the world, built around eleven

In the granite hills of southern Africa stand the ruins of a great city built entirely of stone, its curving walls raised without mortar and rising in places to more

Deep in the interior of southern Africa rise the magnificent stone ruins of Great Zimbabwe, the remains of one of the greatest cities of medieval Africa. Its massive walls, built

For nearly a thousand years, from the first century before the common era to the tenth century after it, the kingdom of Silla ruled from a single valley in the

In an extraordinary landscape of giant granite boulders in southern India lie the ruins of Hampi, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, once one of the largest and richest cities

In the desert of northern Iraq stand the ruins of Hatra, a great fortified city that twice defied the might of Rome. A caravan hub on the frontier between the